第三节医学考博词汇记忆技巧
第三节 词汇记忆技巧
(一)词汇概述
1.词汇分类——根据英语单词的使用语境,可分为四类。
(1) Essential Words (基本词汇),是最基础的单词,如“the/of/a/I/and/is/in/that...”。
(2)General Words(一般词汇),是基础单词的同义词,但使表达更加精准,如基本单词一“say说”,若使表达更为精准,则可换成其他的“一般词汇”:
question-to say in a doubtful manner
reply-to say as an answer
deny-to say that sth. is untrue
suggest-to say an idea to be considered
(3)Common Environmental Words(常用环境词),是在某个场景下,并与之相关的词,如与“kitchen”相关的单词有:“sink,dish,fork,plate,toaster,knife,microwave oven...”。
(4)Special Environmental Words(特定环境词),表示某单词的专业用词,如“machine”,其专业词汇表达可以是:“xerox(影印机),oscilloscope(示波仪),radio-telescope(射线望远镜),electrocardiogram(心电图)...”。
第2、3、4类是中高级词汇,也是考生需要着重记忆的重点部分。如果以基础单词为根本,找到中高级词汇的词源,了解其基础含义是什么,就能更容易、更有针对性地进行背诵。如“disable,ability,enable,capable”的基础单词或者说词源都是“able”(能,会),如此一来,我们就很清楚这四个词都有表示“能力”的含义。
2.词汇难点——根据中英语言的不同,英语单词的记忆有三处难点。
(1)难记:英语是拼音文字,是独立成词的,不同于汉语的表意形式,因此,英语的基本单词(词源)互不相关,都需要独立背诵。如汉语中以“车”为基础,可以延伸出“卡车,汽车,单车,火车等”,而英语中表示各类“车”的单词却无关联,如“car,bus,taxi,truck,jeep,motorcycle...”。因此,用概括联想的方法记英语单词,是很难的。
(2)难拼:如“外星人”(三字成意),而英语则要表达为“extra-terrestrial”。
(3)难解:英语单词的组合不同,语境不同,会产生新的含义,如以“man”为基础的单词有:
manufacture制造(业)
manual手工的
maneuver运用
manuscript手稿
manipulate操纵
manacle手铐
(二)大规模记忆词汇的基本方法
1.词根法:词根有特定的意思,可以增添前后缀而形成规模记忆。
如:flor(花):florist种花者 floriculture 花艺 floriculturist 花匠 floret 小花
如:vis(视/看):visible看得见的visitor参观者,游客revisit重游vision视力
2.词级法:前缓改变词义,后缀改变词性,是大量记忆的有效方法。
dis- dislike不喜欢 disagree不同意
im- impossible不可能的 impolite不公正的
in- incorrect不正确的 injustice无理的
mis- mistrust不相信 misfortune 不幸
non- nonsmoker 不吸烟者 nonstop直飞
3.语境法:根据具体语境来判断或猜测单词的意思。
"On a scale where 100 is the average for the whole population, 16% of the high-lead group and only 4% of the low-lead group scored 80 or below. At the brighter end of the spectrum, no children in the high-lead group scored over 125; but 5% of the low-lead children did."
这是一篇有关智力的文章,我们需要猜出“spectrum”在文章中的意思。“spectrum”的基本意思是“光谱”,通过文章内容划出智商评分的示意图:
从文章可知,智商的分数跨度是80~125,因此,“spectrum”是“范围”之意。
4.谐音法:很多中文是外来词,通过音译而成的,反之,我们可以用中文记英语单词。
logic 逻辑
Hippies 嬉皮士
Aspirin 阿斯匹林
clone克隆
copy 拷贝
radar 雷达
laser镭射/激光
typhoon 台风
5.联想法:利用生活常识,按脑海中的联想片段记单词。
Ring-road环路
Flyover立交桥
Rattlesnake响尾蛇
Woodpecker咳木鸟
6.图形法:通过图形的方式,使单词感官化。
bow 弓 /bow船头 /bow鞠躬/bowl碗/rainbow彩虹/eyebrow眉毛/bowling保龄球/elbow肘部——此类词都具有“弓形”,因此,使单词图像化会更为深刻。
7.相似比较法:利用“as...as...”(与………一样)的句型,记属性相似的单词。
strong 和 an ox/a horse→ as strong as an ox/a horse
timid 和 a mouse→ as timid as a mouse
poor 和 a church mouse→ as poor as a church mouse
mild 和 a dove→ as mild as a dove
weak 和 water→ as weak as water
Where there is a will there is a way.(有志者事竟成)
Where there is oppression there is resistance.(哪里有压迫,哪里就有反抗)Where there is reek (vapor) there is heat.(无风不起浪)
8.对比法:对单词进行横向和纵向的对比分析,将近义词和反义词联合起来记忆。
9.分类法:按经济、环境、医学、健康、地理、金融等方面对词汇进行分类。
如:体育类:match,basketball,volleyball,football,table-tennis...
(三)常见词缀
1.前缀
(1)表示意义相反:“不,无,非,相反”
ab- abnormal abuse (one's power/drugs)
anti- antitank anti-aging anti-Japanese war
dis- dislike discontinue disbelieve disappear disagree
im/in- impossible imperfect imbalance incorrect indirect
ir- irregular irresistible irrelative irresponsible
mis- mistreat misfortune misspell misread misuse
non- nonsmoker non-cooperation nondrinker nonstop nonproductive
non- natural nonage nonsense
un- unwelcome unfriendly unreal unclear unhappy
(2)表示数量
bi- 双bicolor bicycle biweekly bimonthly bilingual
tr- 三tricolor triangle decade
deca- 十 decathlon
deci- 十分之一decimeter
kilo- 千 kilogram kilometer kilowatt
milli- 千分之一 milligram millimeter milliliter
multi- 多multichoice multipurpose multinational multiple
(3)表示位置关系
ex- 向外export expose exit exclude
im- 向内import imprison immigrate
inter-在……之间 interpersonal international interact Internet
sub- 在……之下 subway subcommittee substandard substructure
under-在……之下 underground underfoot underline undersea
vice- 副 vice-minister vice-chairman vice-president vice-premier
(4)表示程度
macro-大,宏macroclimate macroeconomy macroworld macro-listening
micro-微 microscope microworld microwave oven Microsoft
over-过度overstudy overeat overwork oversleep
super-超级supermarket supersonic superman superpower
(5)表示时间
fore-先/预先foretell foresee forerunner forefather preschool
pre-前prewar prehistory prepay
post-后postwar postgraduate post-liberation
2.后级
(1)形容词后缀
-able readable usable changeable preventable (ge 结尾不去e)
-al national natural personal continental educational exceptional
-an American African European Roman (地区/人)
-ant resistant attendant expectant
-ent existent dependent emergent different confident
-ible sensible receptible resistible
-ic atomic electric electronic classic problematic
-ish childish foolish wolfish Polish Irish
-ive progressive impressive productive constructive protective
-ative comparative preparative talkative
-itive sensitive additive competitive primitive
-y sunny rainy snowy foggy windy
-ly brotherly motherly womanly manly homely friendly
(注:noun+ly=adj. adj.+ly=adv.)
-ary revolutionary imaginary customary elementary secondary
-ory contradictory advisory sensory
-ed gifted dark-haired closured developed interested
-ous advantageous mountainous poisonous courageous dangerous
-ious anxious spacious curious
-less careless tireless useless homeless sleepless
-ful fearful peaceful hopeful fruitful useful
-ual continual gradual spiritual actual
(2)名词后缀
-al survival dismissal arrival removal refusal proposal
-ant assistant servant
-ary revolutionary secretary
-ance appearance assistance guidance attendance resistance
-ence dependence confidence insistence difference existence
-ency frequency urgency efficiency emergency
-ing aging shopping feeling teaching learning
-ion invention translation action inflation discussion
-sion suspension decision conclusion expansion
-tion attention reduction introduction production description
-ation interrelation preparation invitation transportation
-ition composition addition competition definition
-y jealousy inquiry discovery mastery difficulty
-cy buoyancy frequency infancy emergency bankruptcy
-ity ability reality complexity equality popularity
-ful houseful armful mouthful spoonful handful
-hood girlhood brotherhood boyhood childhood
-ism naturalism idealism materialism realism
-ment judgment argument agreement movement
-ness weakness friendliness kindness greatness
-ship relationship sportsmanship hardship friendship
-th growth width length warmth
-ure disclosure pressure closure departure
-ar beggar scholar
-ard coward wizard drunkard Spaniard
-ary revolutionary missionary secretary
-ee examinee trainee testee employee
-eer auctioneer volunteer mountaineer engineer
-er fighter leader dancer singer
-ese Vietnamese Japanese Chinese
-ess goddess tigress citizeness manageress
-ian Canadian Athenian Arabian
-ician Egyptian mathematician technician musician
-ist nationalist socialist materialist naturalist
-or educator translator actor
(3)动词后缀
-en broaden shorten darken deepen thicken quicken sharpen sweeten
-fy simplify satisfy beautify uglify classify electrify
-ize industrialize modernize realize memorize centralize normalize organize
(4)副词后缀
-ward downward forward upward backward toward
