医学考博阅读第1、2、3课时
第一课时
Part Ⅳ Reading Comprehension (30 % )
Directions: In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.
Passage One
Fourteen-year-old Sean MeCallum lay in a hospital bed waiting for a new heart. Without it, Scan would die. Sean' s case is not unusual. Everyday many people die because there just aren't enough human organs to go around.
Now scientists say they can alter the genetic make-up of certain animals so that their organs may be acceptable to humans. With this gene-altering technique to overcome our immune rejection to foreign organs, scientists hope to use pig hearts for transplants by the year 2008.
That prospect, however, has stirred up strong opposition among animal fight activists. They protest that the whole idea of using animal organs is cruel and unjust; some scientists also fear such transplants may transform unknown diseases to humans.
Others believe transplanting animal organs into humans is unnecessary. Millions of dollars spent on breeding pigs for their organs could be better spent on health education programs. They believe seventy-five percent of the heart disease cases that lead to a need for organ transplant are preventable. The key is to convince people to eat healthfully, and not to smoke or drink alcohol. Scientists could also use research funds to improve artificial organs.
Still others believe that though new inventions and prevention programs may help, spending money to encourage more people to donate their organs is an even better idea. If enough people were educated about organ donations, everyone who needed an organ could be taken off the waiting list in a year.
61. What is the problem the passage begins with?
A. High mortality rate of immune rejection
B. A malpractice in heart transplantation.
C. An unusual case of organ transplant
D. A shortage of human organs
62. Not only is the gene-altering technique a technical issue, according to the passage but also it________ .
A. introduces an issue of inhumanity
B. raises the issue of justice in medicine
C. presents a significant threat to the human nature
D. pushes the practice of organ transplant to the limits
63. Doubtful of the necessity of using animal organs, some scientists ________ .
A. are to narrow the scope of organ transplants
B. switch to the development of artificial organs
C. come up with alternatives to the current problem
D. set out to pursue better ways of treating heart disease
64. It can be inferred from the concluding paragraph of the passage that ________ .
A. the gene-altering technique will help those waiting for organ transplants
B. the present supply of human organs still has potential to be explored
C. people prefer the use of animal organs for medical purposes
D. the gene-altering technique leaves much to believed
65. The information the passage carries is ________ .
A. enlightening B. unbelievable C. imaginative D. factual
Passage Two
There is a great irony of 21st-century global health: While many hundreds of millions of people lack adequate food as a result of economic inequities, political corruption, or warfare, many hundreds of millions more are overweight to the point of increased risk for diet-related chronic diseases. Obesity is a worldwide phenomenon, affecting children as well as adults and forcing all but the poorest countries to divert scarce resources away from food security to take care of people with preventable heart disease and diabetes.
To reverse the obesity epidemic, we must address the fundamental causes. Overweight comes from consuming more food energy than is expended in activity. The cause of this imbalance also is ironic: improved prosperity. People use extra income to eat more and be less physically active. Market economies encourage this. They make people with expendable income into consumers of aggressively marketed foods that are high in energy but low in nutritional value, and of cars, televisions set. And computers that promote sedentary behavior. Gaining weight are good business. Food is particularly big business because everyone eats.
Moreover, food is so overproduced that many countries, especially the rich ones that far more than they need, another irony, than the United States, to take an extreme example, most adults—of all ages, incomes, educational levels, and census categories—are overweight. The U. S. food supply provides 3800 kilocalories per person per day, nearly twice as much as required by many adults. Overabundant food forces companies to compete for sales through advertising, health claims, new products, larger portions, and campaigns directed toward children. Food marketing promotes weight gain. Indeed, it is difficult to think of any major industry that might benefit if people ate! Less food; certainly not the agriculture, food product, grocery, restaurant, diet or drug industries. All flourish when people eat more. And all employ armies of Lobbyists to discourage governments from doing anything to inhibit overeating.
66. The great irony of 21st century global public health refers to ________ .
A. the cause of obesity and its counteractive measures
B. the insufficient and superfluous consumption of food
C. the seas natural resource and the green of food source
D. the consumption of food and the increased risk for diet-related diseases
67. To address the fundamental cause of the obesity epidemic, according to the passage, is ________ .
A. to improve political and economic management
B. to cope with the energy imbalance issue
C. to combat diet-related chronic diseases
D. to increase investment in global health
68. As we can learn from the passage, the second irony refers to ________ .
A. affluence and obesity
B. food energy and nutritional value
C. food business and economic prosperity
D. diseases of civilization and pathology of inactivity
69. As a result of the third irony, people ________ .
A. consume 3800 kilocalories on a daily basis
B. complain about food overproduction
C. have to raise their food expenses
D. are driven towards weight gain
70. Which of the following can be excluded as we can understand based on the passage?
A. The economic dimension. B. The political dimension.
C. The humane dimension. D. The dietary dimension.
Passage Three
Women find a masculine face-with a large jaw and a prominent brow-more attractive when they are most likely to attractive, according to a study published in the June 24 NATURE. Before, during, and use after menstruation, however, they seem to be drawn to less angular, more "feminine" male faces, the researchers report.
"Other studies of female preference, mainly for odors, show changes across the menstrual cycle, " says lead author Ian Penton-Voak of the University of St. Andrews in Scotland. "We thought it would be interesting to look at visual preferences and see if they changed also". The researchers showed 39 Japanese women composite male faces that emphasized masculine or feminine facial features to differing degrees. The women preferred images with more masculine features when they were in the fertile phase of their menses but favored more feminine features during their less fertile phase.
The type of face women find attractive also seems to depend on the kind of relationship they wish to pursue, according to another experiment.
The cyclic preference for muscular faces was evident among 23 British women asked to choose the most attractive face for a short-term relationship, Penton-Voak says. The 26 women asked to choose an attractive face for a long-term relationship, however, preferred the more feminine features throughout their menstrual cycle.
Another 22 women who were using oral contraceptives did not show monthly changes in the faces they preferred even for short-term relationships, indicating that hormones might play a role in determining attractiveness, Penton-Voak says.
Men whose faces have some feminine softness are perceived as "kinder" men who may make better husbands and partners, he adds, while macho features may be associated with higher testosterone(睾丸素)levels and good genes. He cautions, however, that research hasn't yet shown a link between a woman' s preferences in such tests and her actual behavior.
71. The researchers made a study on ________ .
A. women' s menstrual cycle B. men' s preferred female images
C. women' s visual preferences of men D. men' s masculine and feminine features
72. Women are drawn to a masculine face, according to the researchers, when they ________ .
A. grow to be more feminine B. are on oral contraceptives
C. are ready for conception D. are on menstruation
73. It was found in Britain that women' s preferred male images were influenced by ________ .
A. their family planning B. the years of marriage they had
C. the length of their menstrual cycle D. the term or relationship they seek
74. Just because the studies of female preferences show changes across the menstrual cycle, as Penton-Voak implies, does not mean that
A. visual preferences do exist B. a woman acts this way is reality
C. a man will buy into the phenomenon D. men and women prefer the same image
75. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?
A. Does a woman judge from a man' s appearance?
B. Is there such a thing as beauty in the world?
C. Are women more emotional than men?
D. Is beauty more than meets the eye?
Passage Four
WELL—do they or don' t they? For years, controversy has raged over whether the electromagnetic fields produced by power lines could cause cancer especially leukemia in young children. But in Britain last week confusion reached new heights.
One team from Bristol announced that it had evidence to back a controversial but plausible theory which would explain how power lines might cause cancer (electric fields attract airborne pollutants). Only to be followed by the release of results by another group in London which suggested there is nothing to worry about. What is going on?
Actually, the confusion may be more apparent than real. There can be no doubt that the effects of power lines on water droplets, pollutants and naturally occurring radon uncovered by the Bristol team are real and interning. But to suggest that they have anything to do with leukemia in children is premature. The extra exposure to pollution for a child living near power lines would be tiny, and it is not obvious why radon, a gas normally associated with lung cancer would cause leukemia in children.
The second study, which drew reassuring blank, is the world's biggest ever probe of the statistical link between childhood cancers and magnetic fields of the sort produced by power lines and electrical appliances. It is one of several recent studies that have failed to find a link.
Unlike earlier research, these newer studies involved going into homes to measure the electro-magnetic fields. The fields they measured included input from major power lines if they were.
Which is not to Say the research is perfectly. Critics argue that Britain' s childhood cancer study, for example, has not yet taken into account the surges in exposure that might come from, say, switching appliances on and off. And some people might wonder why measurements of the electric fields that are also produced by power lines did not figure in last week's study. But neither criticism amounts to a fatal blow. Electrical fields cannot penetrate the body significantly, for example,
A more serious concern is whether the British research provides an all-clear signal for such countries as the US where power lines carry more current and therefore produce higher magnetic fields. Pedants (书呆子)would conclude that it doesn't. But these counties will not have long to wait for answers from a major Japanese study.
In Britain the latest epidemiological study can be taken as the final word on the matter. If the electromagnetic fields in British homes can in some unforeseen way increase the risk of cancer, we can now be as certain as science allows that the increase is too tiny to measure. 76. Both the question "Well—do they or don't they?" and the question "What is going on?" suggest ________ .
A. the high incidence of Leukemia
B. the advent of bewilderment among people
C. the warning of the worsening air pollution
D. the tense relation between Bristol and London
77. What would the author say of the results of the first study?
A. Enlightening. B. Insignificant.
C. Reassuring. D. Apparent.
78. What can be suggested from the results of the second study?
A. There does exist a danger zone near power lines.
B. There is much to be improved in terms of design.
C. There is nothing to worry about as to power lines.
D. There is no link between the first and second study.
79. It can be inferred from the passage that the British outcomes ________ .
A. are expected to convince nobody but pedants
B. were found to have left much room for doubt
C. could have implications in such countries as the US
D. will be consistent with the Japanese ones in the near future
80. To conclude, the author ________ .
A. reassures us of the reliability of the latest research in Britain
B. asks for improved measurements for such an investigation
C. points out the drawbacks of the latest research in Britain
D. urges further investigations on the issue
Passage Five
Smoking causes wrinkles by upsetting the body' s mechanism for renewing skin, say scientists in Japan. Dermatologists say the finding confirms the long-held view that smoking ages skin prematurely.
Skin stays healthy and young-looking because of a fine balance between two processes that are constantly at work. The first breaks-down old skin while the second makes new skin. The body breaks down the old skin with enzymes called matrix metalloproteinases, or MMPs, They chop up the fibers that form collagen(胶原质)—the connective tissue that makes up around 80percent of normal skin.
Akimichi Morita and his colleagues at Nagoya City University Medical School suspected that smoking disrupted the body' s natural process of breaking down old skin and renewing it. To test their idea, they first made a solution of cigarette smoke by pumping smoke through a saline (盐的) solution. Smoke was sucked from cigarettes for two seconds every minute. Tiny drops of this smoke solution were added to dishes of human fibroblasts, the skin cells that produce collagen.
After a day in contact with smoke solution, the researchers tested the skin cells, to see how much collagen-degrading MMP they were making. Morita found that cells exposed to cigarette smoke had produced far more MMP than normal skin cells.
Morita also tested the skin cells to see how much new collagen they were producing. He found that the smoke caused a drop in the production of fresh collagen by up to 40 percent.
He says that this combined effect of degrading collagen more rapidly and producing less new collagen is probably what causes premature skin ageing in smokers, in both cases, the more concentrated the smoke solution the greater the effect on collagen. "This suggests the amount of collagen is important for skin ageing, " he says. "It looks like less collagen means more wrinkle formation".
Morita doesn't know if this is the whole story of why smokers have more wrinkles. But he plans to confirm his findings by testing skin samples from smokers and non-smokers of various ages to see if the-smoking has the same effect on collagen. "So far we're only done this in the lab. " He says. "We don't know exactly what happens in the body yet that might take some time.
Other dermatologists are impressed by file work. "This is fascinating, " says Lawrence Parish. Director of the Centre for International Dermatology at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital in Philadelphia. This confirms scientifically what we've long expected, he says. "Tobacco smoke is injurious to skin. "
81. Healthy skin lies in ________ .
A. a well-kept balance between two working processes
B. the two processes of breaking down skin cells
C. a fine balance in the number of cigarettes
D. the two steps of forming collagen
82. For the Japanese scientists, to test their idea is ________ .
A. to verify the aging of human beings
B. to find out the mechanism of renewing skin
C. to prove the two processes of wrinkle formation
D. to confirm the hazards of smoking proven otherwise
83. The Japanese scientists tested their idea using ________ .
A. MMPs to form fresh collagen
B. cigarette smoke to contaminate skin cells
C. human fibroblasts to produce fresh collagen
D. non-smokers to be exposed to cigarette smoke
84. As inferred from Morita's results, smoking ________ .
A. could stimulate tile production of fresh collagen
B. is unlikely to promote the production of MMP
C. tends to cause skin to age prematurely
D. may cause collagen to die by 60%
85. Monrita implies that his findings ________ .
A. took less time than expected
B. were hard to accept in dermatology
C. were not exclusively based on the lab
D. need to be further verified in the human body
Passage Six
Today, I sit in a surgical ICU beside my favorite Jack as he recovers from a five-hour operation to repair a massive aortic aneurysm. For me it has been a journey into the medical system as an in-experienced consumer rather than in my usual position as a seasoned provider. This journey to an urban referral center has produced some disappointing surprises for Dad, and especially for me. For the past two days, my beloved Jack has been called "Harold" (his first name; Jack is his middle name). Of course, there is nothing wrong with "Harold"—it was what he was called in the army-but Dad never has been "Harold" except to those who really don' t know him. Telephone callers at our family home who asked for "Harold" were always red flags that the caller was a telemarketer or insurance salesperson.
Dad doesn't correct his physicians or the office receptionists—he is from the old school, where it is impolite to question or correct your physician. Once he was an almost ideal "Jack, "strong, athletic, quietly confident and imminently trustworthy, but his recent renal failure and dialysis treatments, his stroke and his constant tremor have robbed him of his strength, mobility, and golf game, but not of his will or love of his family, part of the reason he agreed to undertake this risky operation at his advanced age was because his wife and sisters still need his protective support. With so much at risk, he faced this life-threatening challenge in a city far away from his home and friends and in a place where he is greeted as "Harold. "
86. The author relates the story ________ .
A. from a consumer' s point of view
B. with a view to punctuating patient rights
C. according to his own standards of health care
D. based on his own unpleasant medical treatment
87. Apparently the author' s father________ .
A. did not like to be called by the first name
B. was not well taken care of as expected
C. was mistaken for somebody else
D. was treated like a businessman
88. As the author implies his father ________ .
A. encountered so many impolite physicians
B. did nothing but kept quiet in the hospital
C. accepted the way he was greeted
D. had his diagnosis made wrongly
89. What the story implies is that ________ .
A. people are what they are called
B. nobody likes to be called Harold in English
C. a patient should be called as he or she wishes
D. a patient cannot be called by the first name in the hospital
90. The author describes his" Jack" in a tone of ________ .
A. admiration B. Inspiration C. Indignation D. expectation
第二课时
Part Ⅳ Reading Comprehension (30%)
Directions: In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.
Passage One
Too much alcohol dulls your senses, but a study in Japan shows that moderate drinkers have a higher IQ than teetotalers.
Researchers at the National Institute for Longevity Sciences in Aichi. Prefecture, 250kilometers west of Tokyo, tested the IQs of 2000 people between the ages of 40 and 79. They found that, on average, men who drank moderately — defined as less than 540 milliliters of sake or wine a day had an IQ that was 3. 3 points higher than men who did not drink at all. Women drinkers scored 2. 5 points higher than female teetotalers.
The type of alcohol didn't influence the results. The volunteers tried a variety of tipples, which ranged from beer and whisky to wine and sake.
The researchers are quick to point out that the results do not necessarily show that drinking will make you more intelligent.
"It's very difficult to show a cause-effect relationship, " says senior researcher Hiroshi Shimokata. "We screened subjects for factors such as income and education, but there may be other factors such as lifestyle and nutritional intake. "
Shimokata says that people who drink sake, or Japanese rice wine, tend to eat more raw fish.
This could be a factor in enhanced intelligence, as fish often contain essential fatty acids that have been linked to brain development. Similarly, wine drinkers eat a lot of cheese, which is not something Japanese people normally consume or buy. Shimokata says the high fat content of cheese is thought to be good for the brain.
If alcoholic drinks are directly influencing IQ, Shimokata believes chemicals such as polyphenols could be the critical factor. They are known to have antioxidant properties and other beneficial effects on ageing bodies, such as dilating constricted coronary arteries.
The study is part of n wider research project to find out why brain function deteriorates with age.
61. The Japanese study was carried out on ________ .
A. the development of IQ B. the secret of longevity
C. the brain food in a glass D. the amount of healthy drinking
62. The Japanese researchers found a higher IQ in ________.
A. female teetotalers than in male ones B. female drinkers than in male ones
C. moderate drinkers D. teetotalers
63. When he says that it is very difficult to, show cause-effect relationship, Shimokata means that ________ .
A. the study failed to involve such variables as income and education
B. he is doubtful of the findings of the investigation
C. there are some other contributing factors
D. the results were just misleading
64. From Shimokata's mention of fish and cheese we can infer that in enhancing intelligence ________ .
A. sake or wine is a perfect match for fish and cheese
B. they promote the drinking effect of sake or wine
C. they are not as effective as sake and wine
D. sake or wine is not alone
65. Based on the study, Shimokata would say that ________ .
A. intelligence improves with age
B. IQ can be enhanced in one way or another
C. polyphenols in alcohol may boost the brain
D. Alcoholic drinks will make you more intelligent
Passage Two
Women do not avoid fighting because they are dainty or scared, but because they have a greater stake than men in staying alive to rear their offspring. Women compote with each other just as tenaciously as men, but with a stealth and subtlety that reduces their chances of being killed or injured, says Anne Campbell of the department of psychology at the University of Durham,
Across almost all cultures and nationalities, men have a much smaller role than women in rearing children. "Males go for quantity of children rather than quality of care for offspring, which means that the parental investment of women is much greater, " says Campbell. And unlike men, who can't be sure that their children have not been fathered on the sly by other men, women can always be certain that half an offspring's genes are theirs.
Women have therefore evolved a strong impulse than men to see their children grow up into adults. Men' psychological approach is geared to fathering as many children as possible.
To make this strategy work and to attract partners, men need to establish and advertise their dominance over rival males. Throughout evolution this has translated into displays of male aggression, ranging in scale from playground fights to world wars.
Men can afford to take more risks because as parents they are more expendable. Women, meanwhile, can only ensure reproductive success by overseeing the development of their children, which means avoiding death.
"The scale of parental investment drives everything, " says Campbell. "It's not that women are too scared to fight, " she says. "It's more to do with the positive value of staying alive, and women have an awfully big stake not just in offspring themselves but in offspring they might have in the future, " she says.
This means that if women do need to compete — perhaps for a partner — they choose low-risk rules of engagement. They use indirect tactics, such as discrediting rivals by spreading malicious rumors. And unlike men who glory in feats of dominance, women do better by concealing their actions and their "victories".
But there is no doubt, says Campbell, that the universal domination of culture by males has exaggerated these differences in attitudes to physical aggression. "The story we've always been told is that females are not aggressive, " says Campbell. And when they are aggressive; women are told that their behavior is "odd or abnormal".
66. For the sake of their children, according to Campbell, women ________ .
A. are reluctant to start wars
B. cannot avoid being dainty or scared
C. would rather get killed or injured in fighting
D. do not fight with men under any circumstances
67. It can be learned from the passage that men and women ________ .
A. present different family values in the world
B. show definite differences in parenting skills
C. are genetically conditioned in educating their children
D. take different psychological approaches to their children
68. Which of the following would men most probably be concerned about according to the passage?
A. Life. B. Parenting. C. Dominance. D. Reproduction.
69. To avoid death, women ________ .
A. cannot afford to confront risks B. choose to fight in a violent way
C. try to seek protection from men D. would resort to the "odd or abnormal" tactics
70. What is the main idea of the passage?
A. Why men and women possess different parenting skills.
B. Why men are more aggressive than women.
C. Why women evolve in their own way.
D. Why women do not start fights.
Passage Three
The first line reads: "She sits on the bed with a helpless expression. What is your name? Auguste. Last name? Auguste. What is your husband's name? Auguste, I think. " The 32 pages of medical records that follow are the oldest medical description of Alzheimer's disease. Psychiatrist Konrad Maurer and his colleagues at Johann Wolfgan Goethe University in Frankfurt found the file in their hospital's archive, where it had been missing for nearly 90 years, and published exerpts from it last May in The Lancet. The notes, in a cramped, archaic German script, were written by Alois Alzheimer the physician who first described the disease.
His patient, Auguste D, was a 5 1-year-old woman who had suffered fits of paranoid jealousy and memory lapses so disturbing that her family finally brought her to a local hospital known as the Castle of the Insane. Over the next four years Alzheimer tracked her condition. Upon her death he examined her brain tissue and found the distinctive lesion that are now hallmark of the disease.
Today Alzheimer's afflicts some 4 million Americans. Although it still cannot be cured, or even treated very well, several recent studies hint that some treatments— from estrogen to vitamin E to anti-inflammatory drugs — can reduce either the risk of developing the disorder or its symptoms. And more is being learned about its distinctive pathology. This past year, for instance, researchers discovered a new kind of lesion in Alzheimer's patients. A genetic study also pinpointed a mutation that is present in some 60 percent of them — a mutation in the DNA of mitochondria, the energy-producing organelles of the cells.
But nearly a century ago, it was Alois Alzheimer who first described the disease an in so doing became one of the first physicians to offer a biological basis for a psychiatric condition. Finding the file, Maurer says, "is like holding history in your hands. "
71. Obviously, the discovery of the missing file of Auguste D. ________ .
A. adds credit to Alois Alzheimer
B. sheds doubt on the first description of Alzheimer's
C. presents a big challenge to the medical community
D. has a great impact on the development of a cure for Alzheimer's
72. The anatomical characteristics of Alzheimer's ________ .
A. can be found in the missing file
B. could have been confirmed decades ago
C. are wrongly described in the missing file
D. even puzzle the medical community today
73. The findings of the research on Alzheimer's ________ .
A. sound encouraging B. took more time than expected
C. were ascribed to the missing file D. will bring about a cure in no time
74. When he says that finding the file is like holding history in your hands. Maurer means ________ .
A. his assurance of the historical finding B. his further studies on Alzheimer's
C. the beauty of the medical history D. the importance of imagination
75. Which of the following can best be the title for the passage?
A. The Physician Who First Described Alzheimer's.
B. The Recent Studies on Alzheimer's.
C. The Missing File of Auguste D.
D. The History of Psychiatrics.
Passage Four
Dry-cleaning machines that use liquid carbon dioxide as a solvent will go on sale in the US next year thanks to chemists in North Carolina who have developed CO2-soluble detergents. Dry-cleaners will lose their characteristic smell, and the new process will cut the amount of toxic waste produced in cleaning clothes.
Joseph DeSimone, a chemist at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, says liquid CO2 is an ideal solvent because after cleaning, the CO2 can be evaporated off, collected, liquefied and reused
The problem in developing the process, says DeSimone, has been that CO2 by itself is not a good solvent. However, he points out that not much dissolves in water without the help of detergents, yet water is the most common solvent. What CO2 needed, he thought, was the right detergent.
Detergent molecules such as those in washing-up liquid have two chemically distinct ends: one has a liking for water, the other sticks to dirt. Normal detergents do not dissolve in liquid CO2, so DeSimone created three CO2-soluble detergents. One end of the detergents has a fluorocarbon group, which makes them soluble in CO2. The other end is soluble in water, oil or silicone, depending on the type of dirt being removed. The person doing the dry-cleaning has to decide which of the detergents is best for the job.
DeSimone's company, MiCell, will start selling liquid CO2 dry-cleaning machines next year. They operate at room temperature at a pressure "about ten times the pressure of a bicycle tyro", according to a spokesman for MiCell.
Most dry-cleaners currently use chlorinated hydrocarbons such as perchloroethylene. But the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is clamping down on the toxic waste emission this produces. After cleaning with the new machines, the liquid CO2 is evaporated' and collected for reuse, leaving a residue of detergent and dirt.
Brad Lienhart, president of MiCell, says that cutting waste and pollution is the company's strongest selling point. "Dry-cleaner owners are saying "get this burden off my back', " he says. He hopes to sell a hundred machines in the first year of business. About 15000 conventional dry-cleaning machines are sold around the world every year. Buster Bell, who owns Bell Laundry and Dry Cleaning in South Carolina, says the MiCell technology looks competitive, and he likes the reduced environmental impact. "You really don't know what is coming from the EPA, " he says.
76. The passage begins with ________.
A. a commercial advertisement B. a horrible warning
C. a sale promotion D. good news
77. What is the liquid CO2 for?
A. Better cleaning. clothes.
B. Helping recycle dry cleaners.
C. Dissolving the toxic waste from dry cleaning.
D. Reducing the toxic emission from dry cleaning.
78. The right detergent for CO2 ________ .
A. makes dry cleaning easy B. must be chemically soluble.
C. is chemically of two purposes D. means a right person for dry-cleaning
79. When they are saying "get this burden off my back, " the dry-cleaner owners refer to ________ .
A. the competition in the business of dry cleaning
B. the pressure from EPA
C. their potential profit
D. their selling point
80. What is the strongest selling point of the MiCell technology according to Lienhart?
A. It will promote dry-cleaning business. B. It is environment-friendly.
C. It costs less in the market. D. All of the above.
Passage Five
The alarm on our household computer terminal rings and wakes me up. My husband simply stirs and goes back to sleep. I transfer today's information onto the personal data card I carry with me everywhere and scan today's readings. Values are given as to the number of liters of water I can use, the amount of coal-generated electricity I have allocated and how many "envirocredits" I have earned.
I am free to use the water and electricity as I chose, however I notice that the ration of electricity is decreasing every day. Of course, this will not be a problem when we have earned enough envirocredits to buy another solar panel. Envirocredits are earned by buying goods with limited or no packaging, minimizing the amount of garbage thrown out by financially supporting "environtechnology" Before cars were phased out due to unpopularity, credits could be gained by using public transport.
I notice an extra passage added to the readings. At last I have been given permission to have a child. Almost instantaneously a package arrives with a label on it: "Anti-sterilization Unit". Inside there are instructions and a small device that looks like a cross between a pistol and a syringe. Eagerly I follow the instructions. The procedure is painless and I don't know if I am imagining it but I seem to feel the effects at once.
Shaken my husband awake, I tell him the good news. I want to get started baby-making right now. "You've been on the waiting list for 37 years, " he says. "Can't you wait until I've woken up properly?"
I decide that 1 probably don't have much choice and wander downstairs. 1 am feeling very privileged to have the opportunity to create a new life. It is saddening, however, when I realize that, because of strict population controls, this new life will be replacing an old one.
I decide to ring my mother and tell her the good news. When she answers the phone she is crying. She has received word that my grandmother has failed her latest health check and will be euthanized next week.
For some reason, 1 don't feel like creating that new life anymore.
81. Based on today's data, the wife will ________ .
A. use up all the envirocredits she earned
B. make arrangements with her husband for the day
C. be allowed to use a certain amount of water and electricity
D. do as required to generate enough water and electricity for the day
82. According to the passage, envirocredits go to those who ________ .
A. recycle their garbage at home B. limit themselves to solar energy
C. push environtechnology forward D. do something environment-friendly
83. The effects the wife is feeling at once following the instructions refer to ________ .
A. the desire to make a baby B. the permission to make a baby
C. the device to help her make a baby D. the consequences of making a baby
84. The good news for the wife changes into bad news because ________ .
A. she has to wait for another 37 years
B. to create a new life is to replace an old one
C. population is strictly controlled in the country
D. today she is not healthy enough to make a baby
85. What is the passage?
A. It is a scenario. B. It is a true story.
C. It is a piece of news. D. It is a scientific report.
Passage Six
Just because you're better educated doesn't mean that you're any more rational than everyone else, no matter how hard you may try to give that impression.
Take the selection of lottery numbers. A survey in Florida described at this year's annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science shows that better educated people try to use random number systems to pick their lottery numbers.
Despite the apparent logic of choosing random numbers, however, their chances of winning are no better than those of ordinary folk who use birthdays, anniversaries and other "lucky" dates. Nor are they better off than those who draw on omens and intuitions, picking numbers seen on car, number-plates and in dreams. But no doubt they feel a lot more rational.
That appearance of "rationality" may be a dangerous thing. Scientists are not immune to subtle and subjective influences on their judgments. Take the data from a survey of the public and member of the British Society of Toxicology discussed at the same meeting.
The survey showed that most people agree with the view that animals can be used to help predict how human will react to chemicals, and that if a chemical causes cancer in an animal, we can be "reasonably sure" it will cause cancer in humans. The toxicologists, however, are more circumspect. They accept the first statement but less likely to agree that if a chemical . causes cancer in an animal, it will do so in a human.
Can this difference be attributed to their expertise? Perhaps. But consider the considerable variation among toxicologists: those who were young, female, working in academia rather than industry or who felt that technology is not always used for the good of all, were more likely to agree that what causes cancer in an animal will cause cancer in a human.
Maybe we need to think more about bow who we are affects our , "rational" decisions.
86. According to the Florida-based survey, those who are better educated feel a lot more ratio about the way they ________ .
A. look at the world B. use logic in doing science
C. choose their lottery numbers D. use numbers professionally and personally
87. Actually, the selection of random numbers ________ .
A. does not work any better than the use of omens and intuitions
B. stands more chance of winning a lottery in the United States
C. is wrongly appreciated by rational people
D. is widely practiced in lottery
88. What are the survey data suggesting in the passage?
A. We are living in the age of rationality.
B. Nobody can be trusted in terms of truth.
C. Humans and animals do not react to chemicals in the same way.
D. The sense of rationality cannot avoid being subjectively influenced.
89. What the author is trying to say in the passage ________ .
A. can be further illustrated by the opinion among toxicologists
B. is acceptable to those young and female toxicologists
C. is rational enough to accept in the world of science
D. has much to do with his own experience
90. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?
A. A Very Comforting Illusion
B. A Rational Approach to Lottery
C. A survey on Education and Rationality
D. A Difference between Scientists and Others
第三课时
Part Ⅳ. Reading Comprehension (30%)
Directions: In this section there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.
Passage One
Children should avoid using mobile phones for all but essential calls because of possible health effects on young brains. This is one of the expected conclusions of an official government report to be published this week. The report is expected to call for the mobile phone industry to refrain from promoting phone use by children, and start labeling phones with data on the amount of radiation they emit
The independent Expert Group on Mobile Phones, chaired by former government chief scientist William Stewart, has spent eight months reviewing existing scientific evidence on all aspects of the health effects of using mobile phones. Its report is believed to conclude that because we don't fully understand the nonthermal effects of radiation on human tissue, the government should adopt a precautionary approach, particularly in relation to children.
There is currently no evidence that mobile phones harm users or people living near transmitter masts. But some studies show that cell-phones operating at radiation levels within current safety limits do have sort of biological effect on the brain.
John Tattersail, a researcher on the health effects of radiation at the Defense Evaluation and Research Agency's site at Portsn Down, agrees that it might be wise to limit phone use by children. "If you have a developing nervous system, it's known to be more susceptible to environmental insults, " he says. "So if phones did prove to be hazardous — which they haven't yet — it would be sensible. "
In 1998, Tattersall showed that radiation levels similar to those emitted by mobile phones could alter signals from brain cells in slices of rat brain. "What we've found is an effect, but we don't know if it's hazardous, " he says.
Alan Preece of the University of Bristol, who found last year that microwaves increase reaction times in test subjects, agreed that children's exposure would be greater. "There's a lot less tissue in the way, and the skull is thinner, so children's heads are considerably closer, " he says.
Stewart's report is likely to recommend that the current British safety standards on energy emissions from cell-phones should be cut to the level recommended by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, which is one-fifth of the current British limit. "The extra safety factor of five is somewhat arbitrary, " says Michael Clark of the National Radiological Protection Board. "But we accept that it's difficult for the UK to have different standards from an international body. "
61. Just because it has not been confirmed yet whether mobile phone emissions can harm human tissue, according to the government report, it does not mean that ________ .
A. the government should prohibit children from using cell phones
B. we should put down the phone for the sake of safety
C. the industry can have a right to promote phone use
D. children are safe using cell phones
62. Tattersall argues that it is wise to refrain mobile phone use by children in term of ________ .
A. their neural development B. their ill-designed cell phones
C. the frequency of their irrational use D. their ignorance of its possible health effects
63. On the issue in question, Preece ________ .
A. does not agree with Tattersall B. tries to remove the obstacles in the way
C. asks for further investigation D. would stand by Stewart
64. What is worrisome at present is that the UK ________ .
A. is going to turn deaf ears to the voice of Stewart's plan
B. finds it difficult to cut the current safety standards on phone use
C. maintains different standards on safety limit from the international ones
D. does not even impose safety limit on the mobile phones' energy emissions
65. Which of the following can be the best candidate for the title of the passage?
A. Brain Wave B. For Adults Only.
C. Catch Them Young. D. The Answer in the Air.
Passage Two
Advances in cosmetics dentistry and plastic surgery have made it possible to correct facial birth defects, repair damaged teeth and tissue, and prevent or greatly delay the onset of tooth decay and gum disease. As a result, more people smile more often and mom openly today than even in the past, and we can expect more smiles in the future.
Evidence of the smile's ascent may be seen in famous paintings in museums and galleries throughout the world. The vast majority of prosperous bigwigs, voluptuous nudes, or middle-class family members in formal portraits and domestic scenes appear to have their mouths firmly closed. Soldiers in battle, children at play, beggars, old people, and especially villains (like the torturers in martyrdom and crucifixion scenes) may have their mouths open; but their smiles are seldom attractive, and more often suggest strain or violence than joy.
Smiles convey a wide range of meanings in different eras and cultures, says art historian Angus Trumble, currently curator of Yale University's Center for British Art, in his book A Brief History of the Smile. Compare, for instance, the varying impressions made by the shy dimples of Leonardo's Mona Lisa; the rosy-checked, mustachioed Laughing Cavalier of Frans Hals; and the "Smiley Face" logo perfected (though not invented) in 1963 by American graphic artist Harvey R. Ball.
In some non-Western cultures, Trumble notes, even a warm, open smile does not necessarily indicate pleasure or agreement. It can simply be a polite mask to cover emotions considered too rude or shocking to be openly displayed.
Subtle differences in muscle movement can convey enormous differences in emotion, from the tranquility of bronze Buddhas, to the erotic bliss of couples entwined in stone on Hindu temples, to the fierce smirk of a guardian demon at the entrance to a Chinese tomb.
Trumble expects the impact of Western medicine and mass media to further increase the pressure on people to grin broadly and laugh openly in public. "Faint smiles are increasingly thought of in scientific and psychological circles as something that falls short of the 'true' smile, and . therefore suggest insincerity or lack of enthusiasm, he says.
With tattooing, body piercing, and permanent cosmetics already well established as' fashion trends, one can imagine tomorrow's beauty shops adding plastic surgeons and dentists to their staffs. These corner-store cosmeticians would offer style makeovers to reshape our lips, teeth, and jawlines to mimic the signature smile of one's favorite celebrity.
What can you say to that except "Have a nice day"?
66. Had it not been for cosmetic advances, as inferred from the passage, ________ .
A. people would not have been as happy as they are today.
B. the rate of facial birth defects would not have declined
C. there would not have been many more open smiles
D. we would not have seen smiling faces in public
67. According to the passage, it seems that whether there is a smile or not in the portraits or pictures is decided by ________ .
A. one's internal sense of the external world B. one's identity or social position
C. one's times of existence D. all of the above
68. Tremble's study on smiles shows that ________ .
A. an open smile can serve as a cover-up
B. the famous portraits radiate varying smiles
C. even the human muscles can arouse varying emotions
D. smiles can represent misinterpretations of different eras and cultures
69. What Trumble expects to see is ________ ?
A. the increasing tendency of broad grins and open smiles in public
B. further impact of Western medicine upon non-Western cultures
C. a wider range of meanings to be conveyed by smiles
D. more of sincerity and enthusiasm in public
70. At the end of the passage, the author implicates ________ .
A. a fortune to come with cosmetic advances
B. an identical smile for everybody.
C. future changes in life style
D. the future of smiles
Passage Three
Adolf Hitler survived an assassination attempt in 1944 with the help of penicillin made by the Allies, a microbiologist in the UK claims. If the Nazi leader had died from- bacterial infection of his many wounds, the Second World War might have been over a year earlier, saving millions of lives, says Milton Wainwright of the University of Sheffiel, a noted historian of microbiology.
In a paper to be published soon in Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, Wainwright reveals first-hand evidence that Hitler was treated with penicillin by his personal doctor, Thee Morrell, following an assassination attempt in which a bomb in a suitcase exploded next to Hitler's desk, Hitler was badly hurt, fleeing the scene with his hair and trousers on 'fire, a badly bleeding arm and countless wooden splinter wounds from the oak table that probably saved his life.
Wainwright found confirmation that Morrell gave Hitler antibiotics as a precaution in a recent translation of Morrell' s own diary. I happened to be reading it for interest when the word penicillin jumped out at me, " he says. He then set about trying to establish where Morrell might have got the drug.
At the time, penicillin was available only to the Allies; German and Czechoslovakian: teams had tried without much success to make it, Wainwright says, but the small quantities that were available were weak and impure. "It's generally accepted that it was no good, " says Wainwright.
He reasons that Morrell would only have risked giving Hitler penicillin to prevent infectious if he were confident that the antibiotic would cure, not kill the German premier. "My research shows that Morrell, in a very dodgy position as Hitler's doctor, would only have used pure stuff. "And the only reliable penicillin was that made by the Allies. So where did Morrell get it?
Wainwright's investigations revealed that Allied airmen carried penicillin, so the Germans may have confiscated some from prisoners of war. The other more likely source is from neutral countries such as Spain, which received penicillin from Allied countries for humanitarian purposes, perhaps for treating sick children.
"I have proof the Allies were sending it to these countries, " says Wainwright. 'I'm saying this would have got through in diplomatic bags, reaching Hitler's doctor and the higher echelons of the Nazi party. So this was almost certainly pure, Allied penicillin. "
"We can never be certain it saved Hitler's life, " says Wainwright. But he notes that one of Hitler's henchmen, Reinhard Heydfich, otherwise known as the "Butcher of Prague died from blood poisoning after surviving a car-bomb assassination attempt. " Hair from his seat went into his wounds and gave him septicaemia, " says Wainwright. Morrell may have been anxious to ensure that Hitler avoided the same fate.
71. According to Wainwright, Adolf Hitler ________ .
A. might have used biological weapons in the war
B. could not have committed suicide as confirmed
C. could have died of bacterial infection
D. might have survived a bacterial plague
72. Following his assassination in 1944, A dolf Hitler ________ .
A. began to exercise precautions against his personal attacks
B. was anxious to have penicillin developed in his country
C. received an injection of penicillin for blood poisoning
D. was suspected of being likely to get infected
73. As Wainwright reasons, Hitler's personal doctor ________ .
A. cannot have dared to prescribe German-made penicillin to him
B. need not have used pure antibiotic for his suspect infection
C. would have had every reason to assassinate him
D. must have tried to produce penicillin
74. Wainwright implies that the Third Reich ________ .
A. met the fate of collapse as expected
B. butchered millions of lives on the earth
C. was severely struck by bacterial plagues
D. did have channels to obtain penicillin
75. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?
A. How Hitler Manage to Survive Assassination Attempts?
B. Morrel Loyal to His German Premier?
C. Hitler Saved by Allied Drugs?
D. Penicillin Abused in German?
Passage Four
Get ready for a new kind of machine at your local gym: one that doesn't involve huffing and puffing as you burn off calories, Instead, all you have to do is stand still for 30 seconds while the machine measures your body fat. It could then tell you exactly where you could do with losing a few pounds and even advise you on exercises for your problem areas. If the body fat scanner turns out to be accurate enough, its makers hope it could one day help doctors' spot disease.
The scanner works by simultaneously building up an accurate 3D image of the body, while measuring the body's effect on an electromagnetic field. Combining the two measurements allows the researchers to work out the distribution of fat and water within. Neither method is new on its own, says Henri Tapp, at the Institute of Food Research in Norwich in the UK. "The smart thing is that we've put them in one machine. "
And it is not just for gym users. The body fat scanner could be used to study fat deposition as children develop, while patients remover from injury, or during pregnancy. And since it uses radio waves rather than X-rays, Tapp's device is safe to use repeatedly.
Body shape is known to be a risk indicator for heart disease and diabetes. So accurately quantifying fat distribution could help doctors suggest preventive measures to patients before problems arise. At the moment, doctors estimate fat content from knowing body volume and water content. To a good approximation, says Tapp, anything that is not fat is water. The amount of water in the body is often measured by giving the subject a drink of water that contains a radioactive tracer. The level of tracer in the patient's urine after three hours reveals the total water volume.
To find out a body's volume, subjects are weighed while totally submerged in water, and this is subtracted from their normal weight to give the weight of water displaced, and hence the subject's volume. But it is scarcely practical for seriously iii people.
There are other ways to directly measure body fat, such as passing a minuscule current between the wrists and feet. The overall fat content can then be estimated from the body's resistance. But this method does not take body shape into account — so a subject with particularly skinny legs might register a higher fat content than the true value. That is because skinny legs —with a lower cross-sectional area will present higher resistance to current. So the machine thinks the water content of the body is lower rating the subject as fatter. Also, the system can only give an overall measurement of fat.
Tapp's method uses similar calculations, but is more sophisticated because it tells you where you are piling on the pounds.
76. The new machine is designed ________ .
A. to picture the body's hidden fat
B. to identify those at risk for obesity
C. to help clinically treat specific cases
D. to measure accurately risky obesity-related effects
77. The beauty of the device, according to Tapp, is that ________ .
A. it performs a dual function
B. it is of great accuracy in measurement
C. it has significant implications in clinical practice
D. it contributes to the evolution of human anatomy
78. Which of the following, according to the passage, does the machine have the potential to spare?
A. A minuscule current. B. A radioactive tracer.
C. A water tank. D. All of the above.
79. In comparison with the techniques mentioned in the passage, the body fat scanner ________ .
A. quickens the pace of the patient's rehabilitation
B. is highly appreciated for its safety
C. features its measuring precision
D. is easy to operate in the clinic
80. For scanning, all the subject has to do is ________ .
A. take up a form of workout in the gym B. mm round the body fat scanner
C. lie on the electromagnetic field D. stand in the system
Passage Five
There is currently abroad a new wave of appreciation for breadth of knowledge. Curricula at universities and colleges and programs in federal agencies extol the virtues of a broad education. For scientists who work in specialized jobs, it is a pleasure to escape in our spare time to read broadly in fields distant from our own. Some of us have made interdisciplinary study our occupation, which is$ no surprise, because much of the intellectual action in our society today lies at the interfaces between traditional disciplines. Environmental science is a good example, because it frequently requires us to be conversant in several different sciences and even some unscientific fields.
Experiencing this breadth of knowledge is stimulating, but so is delving deeply into a subject. Both are wonderful experiences that are complementary practical and aesthetic ways. They are like viewing the marvelous sculpture of knowledge in two different ways. Look at the sculpture from one perspective and you see the piece in its entirety, how its components connect to give it form, balance, and symmetry. From another viewpoint yon see its detail, depth, and mass. There is no need to choose between these two perspectives in art. To do so would subtract from the totality of the figure.
So it is with science, Sometimes we gaze through a subject and are reluctant to stop for too much detail. As chemists, we are fascinated by computer sciences or molecular genetics, but not enough to become an expert. Or we may be interested in an analytical technique but not enough to stay at its cutting edge. At other times, we become immersed in the detail of a subject and see its beauty in an entirely different way than when we browse. It is as if we penetrate the surface of the sculpture and pass through the crystal structure to the molecular level where the code for the entire structure is revealed.
Unfortunately, in our zeal for breadth or depth, we often feel that it is necessary to diminish the value of the other. Specialists are sometimes ridiculed with names such as "nerd" or "technocrats", generalists are often criticized for being too "soft" or knowing too little about any one thing. Both are ludicrous accusations that deny a part of the reality of environmental science. Let us not be divided by our passion for depth or breadth. The beauty that awaits us on either route is too precious to stifle, too wonderful to diminish by bickering.
81. From a broad education to interdisciplinary study, we can see ________ .
A. the integration of theory with practice
B. the enthusiasm for breadth of knowledge
C. the rapid division of traditional disciplines
D. the contradiction between specialists and generalists
82. The commentator would say that the totality of the sculpture of knowledge ________ .
A. is mainly composed of two elements
B. presents two different points of view
C. cannot be perceived from one perspective
D. is a whole made up of complementary elements
83. Just because we became engrossed in the detail of a subject, according to the comment, it does not mean that we ________ .
A. can have an understanding of it B. will develop into an expert
C. will-perceive its entirety D. are interested in it
84. It is the commentator's contention that neither specialists nor generalists ________ .
A. have zeal for the totality of the knowledge sculpture
B. represent the depth and breadth of knowledge
C. are necessarily supposed to belittle the other
D. can be qualified as environmental scientists
85. Which of the following can be the best title for the comment?
A. Interdisciplinary Study as Our Occupation B. Breadth and Depth of Knowledge
C. The Ways of Doing Science D. The Beauty of Science
Passage Six
That shabby unknown bundle of neglect and despair that was dropped off by the police six weeks ago — later to be identified by his mother, who turn up occasionally — is now a driving force on the infants' ward. Once he was bathed a few times and his rashes were treated, he mined out to be a 14-month-old boy named Vergil, still recovering from premature birth J birth weight, 21/2 pounds. It came obvious he had never received any real attention, and practically no solid food, and it was never very clear who assumed responsibility for him in his family, if anyone. Miraculously he survived, with almost no outside help.
At first he just lay there, withdrawn, sucking on an empty bottle as he had been used to doing at home. After a few days it became clear he was ravenously hungry and he downed bottle after bottle of milk. Slowly he began to respond to the ward staff around him who hung over the side of his crib, tempting him back to life.
He started by cautiously "chewing" on people, shitting and tasting them warily like a little wild creature. Gradually he climbed to a standing position, pulling himself up on the bars of his crib. Then he began to discover noise J that came from himself. When he learned that it was acceptable, in this place, to scream when engaged, he filled his comer of the room with garbled speech-like sounds, and loud baby-bellows of demand. If nobody responded he would fix each passerby with a coy look that evolved into a seductive grin, revealing four widely spaced little teeth. Someone always stopped, grinning back at this adorable creature, then picking him up and cuddling him. We on the staff took personal pride and delight in his steady progress.
During the day we moved his crib from infants' ward to the playroom where there are people coming and going. He loved it, standing and cruising in his crib, commenting happily on the scene, crowing and babbling. One afternoon, when his crib was moved adjacent to the wall, he became unusually quiet, deep in concentration. With the stealth of a cat, using his little fingers like tiny screwdrivers, he had taken apart the wall oxygen unit. Our delight in his progress turned out to real respect. Perhaps we could steer him toward the right path before it was too late.
Vergil definitely had a future.
86. In the infants' ward, Vergil ________.
A. was treated as an orphan B. was born prematurely
C. had himself renamed D. drove the staff busy
87. The ward staff must have been marveled at Vergil's ________ .
A. vitality B. shabbiness
C. premature birth D. physical well-being
88. How did Vergil begin to respond to people?
A. By making loud baby-bellows of demand.
B. By fixing each passerby with a coy look.
C. By sniffing and tasting them.
D. By yelling at them.
89. From the observation made by the physician in the clinic, we can say that Vergil ________ .
A. was appreciative of the ward staff
B. was growing in a favorable environment
C. was growing faster in mind than in body
D. was proud of his physical and mental growth
90. Through the mention of Vergir's improper act, the writer is trying to imply ________ .
A. the existence of dangers in the infants' ward
B. the importance of guidance on babies' growth
C. the acceptance of inbom mischief
D. the existence of a future for him
